Контрольная работа по английскому языку №2 вариант 4

ИрГАУ, оценка - отлично.

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 2

ВАРИАНТ 4

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видо- временную форму и залог глагола- сказуемого (см. образец 1). Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. At this stage the raw materials are loaded into this container.

2. This products have been designed by a special team.

3. When the company joined the New York stock market, it had already been on the London market for 5 years.

4. Have you chosen an advertising agency yet?

5. She is working in Rome at the moment.

I. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквиваленты. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. He has to investigate a series of accidents that have occured in the locality during the last three month.

2. When are we to visit the laboratories of the Institute?

3. British Airways is to hold trials of a new system of shopping.

4. This idea may be realized later.

5. They will be able to increase production.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т. е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола- сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык. (см. образец 2).

1. Loan capital is more appropriate to firms operating in stable markets.

2. While looking through the documents, he found several errors in them.

3. The company has been concentrating on the research and development of new products.

4. Heated to a certain temperature, this alloy increases in volume.

5. In advanced caitalist societies, advertising is a powerful instrument affecting demand in many markets.

IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1. To encourage our employers to develop their skills is one of the prime concerns of management.

2. We have decided not to advertise this position, but to recruit internally.

3. Your aim in the meeting is to reach a decision about the future of the factory.

4. To enter this market requires a lot of hard work.

5. It is impossible for us to accept these terms.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на герундий и его функцию.

1. Most Western countries have experienced a sharp showing in the rate of population growth in recent years.

2. We succeeded in entering a new competitive market.

3. We are interested in buying these goods.

4. A group of scientists has informed the government about this production process influencing the environmental conditions.

5. Sufficient and reliable information helps managers in finding new potentialities for making their enterprises more profitable.

VI. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.

1. Coffee is usually imported from Brazil.

2. She is working in Moscow at that moment.

3. The total output has to be shared out among the members of the community.

4. In Britain equal pay for women did not obtain legal sanction until the 1970s.

5. These basic problems are common to all societies.

VII. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one (см. образец 3).

1. The problem that discussed yesterday is very important.

2. One can see that a fall in price may be associated with an increase or decrease in quantity demanded- it all depends upon what caused the price change.

3. It is the act of spending which influences the prices.

4. The new office is more comfortable than the previous one.

5. Due to an increase in the price of one factor of production the firm reduces the input of the factor that has become more expensive.

VIII. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.

1. The machines the farm got last year can be used both for harvesting and cultivation of vegetables.

2. We know a wholesale distributor is a company which sells goods in large quantities.

3. The irrigation work which our brigade had to do will help the farmers grow vegetables.

4. Everybody knows agriculture is connected with human life.

5. With changed prices the consumer has to change the quantities he demands if he is to maintain utility at the same level.

IX. Переведите текст и отработайте его чтение. Найдите в тексте предложения, где употребляется независимый причастный оборот.

TEXT

Inflation

Inflation is a steady rise in the average price and wage level. The rise in wages being high enough to raise costs of production, prices grow further resulting in a higher rate of inflation and, finally, in an inflationary spiral. Periods when inflation rates are very large are referred to as hyperinflation.

The causes of inflation are rather complicated, and there is a number of theories explaining them. Monetarists, such as Milton Friedman, say that inflation is caused by too rapid increase in money supply and the corresponding excess demand for goods.

Therefore, monetarists consider due government control of money supply to be able to restrict inflation rates. They also believe the high rate of unemployment to be likely to restrain claims for higher wages. People having jobs accept the wages they are being paid, the inflationary spiral being kept under control. This situation also accounts for rather slow increase in aggregate demand.

On the other hand, Keynesians, that is, economists following the theory of John M. Keynes, suppose inflation to be to processes occurring in money circulation. They say that low inflation and unemployment rates can be ensured by adopting a tight incomes policy.

Incomes policies, though, monetarists argue, may temporarily speed up the transition to a lower inflation rate but they are unlikely to succeed in the long run.

The costs of inflation depend on whether it was anticipated and on the extent of the economy’s institutions allow complete inflation adjustment.

The longer inflation continues, the more the economy learns to live with it. Indexation is a means to reduce the costs of some inflation effects. Indexed wages or loans mean that the amount to be paid or repaid will rise with the price level. Indexation has already been introduced in countries that had to live with inflation rates of 30 or 40 percent for years. And the more countries adjust their economies to cope with inflation, the closer they come to hyperinflation. Indexation means that high rates of inflation are much more likely to continue and even to increase.

Пояснения к тексту

1.are referred to as -называются

2.in the long run - в долгосрочный период, т.е. достаточно длительный для того, чтобы фирма могла изменить все факторы производства

ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ

Все тексты данного раздела необходимо перевести на русский язык письменно.

Text 1

Credit Cards- the Beginning of a Cashless Society

In the 1960s some optimistic American science fiction authors predicated that money in the form of ready cash would fall out of use in the society of the future. It would be replaced by cards combined with a computerized accounting system.

The changeover has not, however, been as rapid as was first expected. The credit card ‘revolution’ began in the U.S. in the 1960s. The American Express Company issued their first credit cards in 1958. The card with its slogan" Buy now- pay later" conquered Britain in the early 70s, and Swedes, forerunners in Scandinavia, soon seduced the Finns who are ready to imitate. In 1980 there were nearly one million card holders in Finland, and each month brought in about a thousand new members.

Why did credit cards then all of a sudden become so popular? There’s no question about it: they are very practical. You always have “money” at your disposal- with this card and your signature you may get almost anything: a dinner party at a restaurant, a new dress, your car repaired, a holiday on the Mediterranean! But “easy come, easy go”: the use of the credit card also has its drawback. It is incredibly easy to forget that every purchase really has to be paid for later. You might also easily fall for impulse buying and regret your purchase afterwards. Or you may even lose your card and bitterly pay for the consequences.

Who can become an owner of such a “magic” card? By no means anyone who applies for it. The basic idea is that a bank or another financial institution trusts you to the extent that it dares to take the responsibility for what you might spend, very well knowing that if you overdraw they get their money back.

Before you can be granted a credit card you will have to prove that you have a sound economy, that you have savings, or at last a regular income above a certain level. In addition to this, some kind of guarantee is required, for example the signatures of two well- to do guarantors. Once you have it and use it, you are billed regularly for your monthly purchases.

So it is getting easier and easier for you to spend your hard- earned money. But what does it cost you? Not much, if you have a long memory and don’t overdraw your account. Usually one month’s credit is free of interest, but after that you pay approximately 1.3 per cent a month, i.e. about 16 per cent a year. Some companies add an extra monthly charge for handling, other charge annual membership fees.

But of course you are willing to pay something for the convenience of not having to queue up at your bank regularly, or even write out cheques. And, most of all, for the liberating feeling of a V.I. P. who always has enough money in hand!

Text 2

The Money Market

The money market comprises the demand for money and the money supply. The equilibrium in the money market is such a state of balance when the demand for money from households and businesses is satisfied by the quantity of the money supplied. The equilibrium in the money market is reached by changing prices.

People can hold their wealth in various forms-money, bonds, equities, and property. For simplicity we assume that there are only two assets: money, medium of exchange that pays no interest, and bonds, which we use to stand for all other interest-bearing assets that are not directly a means of payment. As people earn income, they ad to their wealth. As they spend, they deplete their wealth. How should people divide their wealth at any instant between money and bonds to gain the best profits possible and not to incur losses?

There is an obvious cost of holding money. The opportunity cost of holding money is the interest one would have gained if he (she) had held bonds. It naturally follows that people will hold money rather than bonds only if there is a benefit to offset this cost, only if holding money is more profitable than holding bonds. It may happen only when interest rates on bonds are too low to make it profitable to hold bonds.

Suppose the money market is in equilibrium when the interest rate on interest-bearing assets (e.g. Treasury bills and other securities) is 6% and the amount of money demanded is $200 mln. Now suppose the interest rate goes down, say, to 4%. In this case interest-bearing assets are no longer profitable as they can’t earn a sufficient return. Hence the demand for money will rise and will lead to a temporary lack of money in the money market. If they lack money, households and businesses are likely to sell bonds they possess for cash. That will cause an increase in the bond supply, which lowers bond prices and rises interest rates on interest-bearing assets. With a higher interest rate the amount of money people are willing to have in hand will decrease again. Consequently, the money supply will adjust to a current demand to reflect a new higher interest rat.

Conversely, the increase in the money supply creates its temporary surplus, which results in the demand for bonds and bond prices going up. The interest rat falls thus restoring balance in the money market, but at a new lower interest rate.

Text 3

Markets and Interest Rater

For each type of investment and for many of their derivatives there is a market. There is a market in money in London. It is not a physical marketplace: dealings take place over the telephone, and the price a borrower pays for the use of money is the interest rat. There are markets in commodities. And there is a market in government bonds and company shares: the stock market. The important thing is that no market is entirely independent of the others. The linking factor is the cost of money (of the return an investor can get on money). If interest rates rise or fall there is likely to be a ripple of movement through all the financial markets. Money will gravitate to where it earns the best return, commensurate with the risk the investor is prepared to take and the length of time for which he can tie up his money. This is the most important mechanism in the financial sphere. As a general rule:

* The more money you have to invest, the higher the return you can expect.

* The longer you are prepared to tie your money up, the higher the return you can expect.

* The more risk you are prepared to take, the higher the return you can expert if all goes well.

In either type of market, the buyers and the sellers may deal direct with each other or they may deal through a middleman known as a market maker. If they deal direct, each would-be buyer has to find a corresponding would-be seller. If there is a market maker, a seller will sell instead to the market maker, who buys on his own account in the hope that he will later be able to find a buyer to whom he can sell at a profit. Market makers make a book in shares or bonds. They are prepared to buy shares in the hope of finding somebody to sell to or sell shares (which they may not even have) in the expectation of expectation of finding somebody from whom they can buy to balance their books. Either way, they make their living on the difference between the prices at which they buy and sell. Market makers (in practice there will normally be a number of them competing with each other) lend liquidity-fluidity-to a market. A potential buyer can always buy without needing to wait until he can find a potential seller, securities can readily be turned into cash.

Text 4

Primary and Secondary Markets

Fixed-interest securities and ordinary shares are the main stock-in-trade of the securities markets and the Stock Exchange is the main securities market in the UK (and the New Stock Exchange is the largest in the USA). By buying one or the other, investors are helping – directly or indirectly – to provide the finance that government or industry needs. Why “directly or indirectly”? Because the stockmarket is two markets in one: a primary market and a secondary market.

A primary market is one in which the government, companies or other bodies can sell new securities to investors to raise cash.

A secondary market is a market in which the investors can buy and sell these securities among each other. The buying and the selling in the secondary market does not directly affect the finances of government and companies. But if investors did not know they could buy and sell securities in the secondary market they might well be reluctant to put up cash for the government or companies by buying securities in the primary market when they were first issued. And the prices established by the buying and selling by investors in the secondary market help to determine the price that government and companies will have to pay next time they need to issue further securities for cash in the primary market. A reasonably liquid secondary market is normally considered vital for a healthy primary market.

Text 5

Capital

Capital is a man-made resource. Any product of labour and land which is reserved for use in the further production is capital.

Capital was created when people began to make simple tools and implements to assist them in the production of food, the hunting of animals, and in the transportation of their possessions.

Capital, as already indicated, means any produced means of production.

Wealth is quite simply the stock of all those goods which have a money value. Capital, therefore, is an important part of the community’s wealth.

Money is a claim to wealth. From the standpoint of the community as a whole, money is not wealth, since we can not count both the value of real assets and the value of the money claims to those assets. From the point of view of the individual citizen, however , money represents a part of his personal wealth since he sees it as a claim on assets held by other people. To the individual business person, therefore, any money he possesses he regards as capital since it gives him a claim on resources now possessed by others. We must be quite clear, however, that money is not part of the national wealth.

Capital is usually into two types: that which is used up in the course of production and that which is not.

Working capital consist of the stocks of raw materials, partly finished goods help by producers. These stocks are just as important to efficient production as are the machines and buildings. Stocks are help so that production con proceed smoothly when deliveries are interrupted and so that unexpected additional orders for finished goods can be met without changing production schedules. This kind of capital is sometimes called circulating capital because it keeps moving and changing. Material are changed into finished goods which are then exchanged for money and this in turn is used to buy more materials.

Fixed capital consists of the equipment used in production – buildings, machinery, railways and so on. This type of capital does not change its form in the course of production and move from one stage to the next – it is ‘fixed’.