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Темы:

Тема 1. History of computers (История компьютеров)

Тема 2. Information dependent society (Информационно-зависимое общество)

Тема 3. Development of microelectronics (Развитие микроэлектроники)

Тема 4. What is operating system (Что такое операционная система)

Тема 5. The information management challenges (Проблемы управления информацией)

Тема 6. Real time operating system (Операционная система в реальном времени)

A company deals with tasks which take a long time to complete. Each worker has their duties that can be done offline. It’s essential for managers to estimate how long a task will take to be completed. The company uses a time-sharing system and all the users are able to finish their work in the system at the same time. However they noticed their gadgets to slow down fast. Also the workers notice the inconvenience while managing large workloads. What may be causing these problems? What decision should the company make?

· The company wants to execute a lot of things at the same time, which is now impossible, so each worker needs to use different languages to get the job done. In their case the company should use Operating System

· Workers cannot send direct instructions to the complier to execute various activities since it is extremely difficult for the user to transform their request or instruction into one language. In their case the company should use Input/Output System

· The company uses a system that dedicates time to a certain activity and frequently switches between the computers, which is overloading while completing long tasks. In their case the company should use Batch System

A UNIX based operating system, was originally developed in the mid-’90s. Its major offerings include scalability, interoperability, data management and security, all of which are crucial for businesses that need high-end operating software. In addition to the above, it is also known for its web, database and Java-based services and its unlimited capacity for helping in managing file system and databases is a big plus as well. Which operating system is described:

· Solaris, which is known as Oracle Solaris since 2010 when Oracle acquired Sun Microsystems

· Ubuntu, built on the architecture and infrastructure of Debian

· Free BSD, developed in the University of California by a large community

An information society is a society where the usage, creation, distribution, manipulation and integration of information is a significant activity. Which of the following statements is not true about the Information Society?

· The information society refers to the social, economic, technological, and cultural changes that have occurred as a result of the rapid development and extensive use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in modern countries, particularly since World War II

· According to Professor W. Martin attempted to formulate the main characteristics of the information society according to the Social and Technological criteria

· The information society has been formed decades ago, and therefore has been widely studied from different angles; experts have reached the consensus regarding the “Information Society” term

Artificial intelligence is becoming more standardized, making it more accessible to a subject-matter expert who isn’t necessarily a knowledge engineering expert. What standards are becoming more common accessible and useful today?

· International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Remote Data Access (RDA)

· American National Admissions Institute (ANSI) Structured Join Language (SQL)

· Object Management Group (OMG) – Common Object Broker Architecture (CORBA)

· Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), Extensible Markup Language (XML)

· Web Ontology Language (OWL), Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language, Win Interchange Format (KIF)

Cryptography is the study of secure communications techniques that allow only the sender and intended recipient of a message to view its contents. What does a massive use of cryptography lead to?

· Among other things, it leads to protection of accounting for payment by subscribers of a digital communication channel

· It leads to the dissemination of obscene materials that pose a threat to the moral foundations of society, because people feel free when they can act anonymously, distribute, buy and sell illegal materials with low chance of tracing them

· It leads to a significant improvement of the identification of people by automatic machines when crossing the borders of states

Data access can be difficult due to many problems. Which of the following situations describes the documentation problem?

· I need your information now or I won't be able to use it. The data transfer process is too slow, possibly unavailable. Because you have an older system, the migration process is too slow and inefficient. I must have immediate access to your data; otherwise your data will not help me

· The systems are not connected to the same network. Your data is too inconvenient to download. When the systems are not on the same network, downloading data can be too inconvenient. The widespread use of the World Wide Web has reduced the number of problems in this area, but separate networks will always exist

· Users are not aware of specific data sets because your metadata is not published. When metadata is not widely available, users may not even know what data sets they need

In the 1960s and 1970s, microcomputers and minicomputers became available to businesses and individuals. Thanks to what technology did it become possible?

· This was made possible by the creation of integrated circuit

· This was made possible by the creation of macro chips

· This was made possible by the creation of 4-bit processor

· This was made possible by the creation of UNIVAC

Martin Timmerman formulated the necessary requirements for an RTOS. Two of them are about priorities. Why the combination of priorities is necessary?

· The RTS software is a fixed set of pre-developed modules, and the choice of a program for execution is carried out by interrupts (based on the current state of the object) or in accordance with the scheduled work schedule

· It is the opposite of “necessary”, as the combination of thread priorities can lead to problems such as priority inversion and deadlock

· RTOS needs to share resources. There are a lot of real-time process and system resources for their operation must be available in advance

Most businesses don’t want to deal with non-core tasks, which include the IT infrastructure. And if it has to pay for a data center, it has to function at maximum efficiency. Crisis situations are exacerbating resource shortages. Enterprises are cutting IT budgets, investing less in long-term projects in general and in data centers in particular. It is impossible to abandon IT altogether – it is equal to giving up doing business, but phased financing and speed of commissioning come to the fore. What do today’s IT managers face while having limited budgetary resources to expand data centers?

· Task of providing more services to more users, meeting ever-increasing performance expectations, storing and managing exponentially increasing amounts of data, better protecting the network, and ensuring system stability

· Mail to be lost when using postal mail, and neither the sender nor the receiver would know where the letter was or whether it had been delivered

· They face a lot of challenges as “hundreds of billions of dollars are spent annually on mobile phones, electronic devices, computers, and other microelectronic products, spawning an entire industry that did not exist a decade ago”

Prior to the transistor’s discovery in 1947, the only way to execute amplification of a weak current in an electronic circuit was to use a vacuum tube. What were the initial advantages transistors demonstrated over small vacuum tubes?

· Transistors had longer lifespan, were smaller and many of them could be placed on a single chip

· Transistors were larger, while consuming far less power. They were more reliable

· Small vacuum tubes’ production cost was much higher. Tubes’ material turned out to be harmful for people’s skin

The first recognized use of the word “computer” was from 1613.What did the “computer” use to mean before this word started to refer to devices?

· It was used for people who have a high level of intelligence

· It was used for a device which helped ships to calculate their latitude at sea

· It was used for people who performed repetitive mathematical operations

The OS-9 family of real-time operating systems has been in use for over 20 years, with more than 5 million installed copies. The range of OS-9 applications is wide – industrial automation, instrumental and measuring systems, military and space systems. Why has the OS-9 been so popular and widely used?

· Number of supported hardware platforms and the quality of that support; various development tools; advanced network facilities

· Unlimited number of tasks; it's the first commercial real-time OS designed for building highly reliable fault-tolerant systems

· Their protocol is not based on any of the common network protocols such as IPX or NetBios and has a number of qualities that make it unique; keeps specific hardware running smoothly