Перевод текста тех. тематики (англ. - рус) - PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

TEXT II

PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

Density is the amount of mass per unit volume. It is measured in kilograms per cubic meter. The density of water is 1000 kg/m3, but most material have higher density and sink in water. Aluminium alloys, with typical densities around 2800 kg/m3, are considerably less dense than steel, which has typical density around 7800 kg/m3. Density is important in any application where the material must not be heavy.
Stiffness (rigidity) is a measure of resistance to deformation such as stretching or bending. The Young modulus is a measure of resistance to simple stretching or compression. It is the ratio of the applied force per unit area (stress) to the fractional elastic deformation (strain). Stiffness is important when a rigid structure is to be made.
Strength is the force per unit area (stress) that a material can support without failing. The units are the same as those of stiffness, MN/m2, but in this case deformation is irreversible. The yield strength is the stress at which a material deforms plastically. For a metal the yield strength may be less than the fracture strength, which is the stress at which it breaks. Many materials have a higher strength in compression than tension.
Ductility is the ability of the material to deform without breaking. One of the great advantages of metals is their property to be formed into the shape that is needed, such as car body parts. Materials that are not ductile are brittle.
Toughness is the resistance of the material to breaking when there is a crack in it. For a material of given toughness, the stress at which it will fail is inversely proportional to the square root of the size of the largest defect. Brittle materials have low toughness: glass can be broken along a chosen line by first scratching it with diamond. Composites have considerably greater toughness than their constituent materials. The example of a very tough composite is a fiberglass that is very flexible and strong.
density – плотность
amount – количество
resistance to – устойчивость к
stiffness (rigidity) – жесткость
irreversible – необратимый
yield strength – предел текучести
stress – напряжение, давление
fracture strength – сопротивление излому/разрушению
ductility – ковкость
brittle – ломкий, хрупкий
toughness – прочность, стойкость
constituent – компонент, составляющая часть, элемент