Design of inherently safer processes is based on the following principles (D. C. Hendershot, An overview of inherently safer design, AlChE, DOI 10.1002/prs.10121):
1. Minimize: Use small quantities of hazardous materials; reduce the size of equipment operating under hazardous conditions such as high temperature or pressure.
2. Substitute: Use less hazardous materials, chemistry, and processes.
3. Moderate: Reduce hazards by dilution, refrigeration, and process alternatives that operate at less hazardous conditions.
4. Simplify: Eliminate unnecessary complexity; design "user-friendly" plants.
Hazards associated with typical chemical reactions and presented in Tab. 1.1.