Контрольная работа 2, Вариант 4

выполнены упражнения согласно заданиям варианта, точный текст заданий ниже

Задание 1. Перепишите и переведите предложения, сказуемое которых стоит в форме пассива. Выпишите сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму.

1. Large budget deficits are said to have resulted in rapid inflation.

2. High unemployment benefits (пособия по безработице) are said to be responsible for the high unemployment rate in Europe.

3. Tight regulation of the Central Bank is considered to prevent sudden increases in money supply.

4. Euro proved to be not so hard currency as it was expected.

5. Budget deficit is known to be the excess of government spendingover taxation and other revenues (доходы).

Задание 2. Перепишите и переведите текст.

Monetary System and Monetary Policies

Today every country has a Central Bank. It acts as a lender to commercial banks and it acts as a banker to the government, taking responsibility for the funding of the government's budget deficit and the control of the money sup­ply which includes currency outside the banking system plus the sight depos­its of the commercial banks.

The Central Bank controls the quantity of currency in private circulation and the one held by the banks through purchases and sales of government securities. In addition, the Central Bank can impose reserve requirements on commercial banks, that is, it can impose the minimum ratio of cash reserves to deposits that banks must hold. The Central Bank also sets discount rate which is the interest rate commercial banks have to pay when they want to borrow money. Having set the discount rate, the Central Bank controls the money market.

Thus, the Central Bank is responsible for the government's monetary pol­icy. Monetary policy is the control by the government of a country's currency and its system for lending and borrowing money through money supply in order, to controlthe level of spending3 in the economy.

The quantity of real balances demanded fall as the interest rate rises. On the other hand, when interest-bearing assets are risky, people prefer to hold some of the safe asset, money. When there is no immediate need to make transactions, this leads to a demand for holding interest-bearing time depos­its rather than non-interest-bearing sight deposits. The demand for time de­posits will be larger with an increase in the total wealth to be involved.

Interest rates are a tool to regulate the market for bonds. Being sold and purchased by the Central Bank, bonds depend on the latter for their supply and price.

Interest rates affect household wealth and consumption. Consumption is believed to depend both on interest rates and taxes. Higher interest rates re­duce consumer demand. Temporary tax changes are likely to have less effect on consumer demand than tax changes that are expected to be permanent.

There also exists a close relationship between interest rates and incomes. With a given money supply, higher income must be accompanied by higher interest rates to keep money demand unchanged.

Поясненияктексту:

responsibility - ответственность

budget deficit - бюджетный дефицит

money supply - денежная масса

thus - следовательно

circulation - обращение

in addition - кроме того

ratio - коэффициент

interest rate - процентная ставка

monetary policy - денежная политика

hence - следовательно

to alter - изменять

deposit - вклад в банке

sight deposit - текущий счет

currency - валюта

reserve requirements - процент резерва

discount rate - учетная ставка

government securities - гос. ценные бумаги

bond - облигация

transaction - сдеока

Задание 3. Ответьтенавопросы.

1. What are the responsibilities of the Central Bank?

2. What is the monetary policy?

3. In what way does consumption depend on interest rates and taxes?

4. What is money supply made up of?

5. What does the ratio between the amounts of money holdings and interest-earning deposits vary with?

6. How can the Central Bank regulate money market?

Задание 4. Замените данные в скобках слова и словосочетания их английскими эквивалентами. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The government increased the (денежную массу) to maintain aggregate demand at full employment level.

2. The Bank of England (отвечает за) issuing new bonds to replace the old ones.

3. High (процентные ставки) in an economy may be expected to lower aggregate investment.

4. Havingraisedthe (соотношение процента резерва), the Central Bank made commercial banks reduce their lending to build up reserves.

5. The European Parliament demanded (более жесткие) rules of distributing contracts in future.

Задание 5. Перепишите и переведите предложения на английский язык.

1. Проводя денежно-кредитную политику, центральный банк может влиять на денежную массу в стране.

2. При фантастическом богатстве природными ресурсами, Россия сегодня стала одной из бедных стран.

3. Экономисты предлагают различные способы изменения экономической ситуации в стране.

4. Людям нужны деньги для покупки товаров и оплаты услуг.

5. Процентные ставки в этом банке очень высокие.